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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
A Single-Component System01:24

A Single-Component System

In the field of chemistry, the terms "component" and "phase" hold significant importance. A component refers to a chemically distinct substance in a system that has specific properties. It is chemically homogeneous, meaning it has the same properties throughout. For example, in a mixture of salt and water, both salt and water are considered separate components because they have different chemical properties.On the other hand, a phase is a form of matter that has a consistent chemical...
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:

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[Ethanol, water, salt and coma].

M Spakowski1, N Nikolic, C Giambarba

  • 1Interdisziplinäre Intensivstation, Stadtspital Waid, Zürich. margarete.spakowski@waid.zuerich.ch

Praxis
|August 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe hyponatremia correction in a liver cirrhosis patient led to coma. Brain MRI revealed osmotic demyelination, highlighting risks of rapid electrolyte correction.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Hepatology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Liver cirrhosis patients are susceptible to electrolyte imbalances.
  • Hyponatremia, a common complication, requires careful management.
  • Rapid correction of severe hyponatremia can precipitate neurological complications.

Observation:

  • A 52-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis developed deep coma post-hyponatremia correction.
  • Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) demonstrated symmetrical osmotic demyelination of the thalami.
  • Other common causes of coma were excluded.

Findings:

  • The case illustrates a rare but serious neurological complication of hyponatremia treatment.
  • Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) results from rapid changes in serum osmolality.
  • The thalami are a common site for ODS lesions.

Implications:

  • Highlights the critical need for slow and monitored correction of severe hyponatremia, especially in liver disease.
  • Emphasizes the importance of neuroimaging in diagnosing coma of unclear etiology.
  • Informs clinical practice regarding the management of electrolyte disturbances and their neurological sequelae.