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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
The Phase Rule01:20

The Phase Rule

The phase rule describes the relationship between the variance (degrees of freedom), the number of components, and the number of phases in a system at equilibrium.Variance is a concept that denotes the number of independent intensive properties (properties are those that do not depend on the amount of material in the system), such as temperature, pressure, and composition, that can be altered without impacting the number of phases in equilibrium.In a single-component system, such as pure water,...
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass filters, manage...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...

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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Modulated phases: review and recent results.

David Andelman1, Ronald E Rosensweig

  • 1Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. andelman@post.tau.ac.il

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|August 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Physical systems exhibit diverse patternings driven by interacting forces like dipolar and interfacial influences. Free-energy minimization principles often explain these complex modulated structures across various materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Pattern formation is observed in diverse physical systems.
  • Interactions include dipolar, interfacial, charge exchange, entropic, and geometric factors.
  • Materials studied range from inorganic solids to organic melts and colloids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established phenomena of pattern formation.
  • To discuss recent developments in modulated structures.
  • To identify unifying principles governing these patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established physical phenomena.
  • Analysis of interactions driving pattern formation.
  • Application of free-energy minimization principles.

Main Results:

  • Identified unifying principles for modulated structures.
  • Demonstrated the role of competing forces (e.g., surface tension vs. dipolar interaction).
  • Showcased applicability across bulk solids, polymer melts, and fluid colloids.

Conclusions:

  • Free-energy minimization is a general principle for understanding modulated structures.
  • Interacting forces dictate complex patterns in physical systems.
  • The study provides a framework for diverse materials.