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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible
10:42

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

[Reference positions of the mandible].

M H Steenks1

  • 1UMC Utrecht. m.steenks@dent.umcn.nl

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Tandheelkunde
|August 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dentists use reference positions like the intercuspal position (ICP) and retruded contact position (RCP) for restorative care. The ICP was found to be the most reproducible position, regardless of patient positioning or bite registration material.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental occlusion
  • Temporomandibular joint disorders

Context:

  • Dentists rely on reference positions of the mandible for restorative care.
  • The intercuspal position (ICP) and retruded contact position (RCP) are commonly used.
  • Previous knowledge on the precise determination of these positions was limited.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the reproducibility of different mandibular reference positions.
  • To investigate factors influencing the accuracy of bite registrations.
  • To address the causal role of occlusion in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).

Summary:

  • Reproducibility of RCP and other dentist-established reference positions did not differ significantly.
  • Patient positioning and bite registration materials did not influence reproducibility.
  • The intercuspal position (ICP) demonstrated the highest reproducibility across all tested conditions.

Impact:

  • Provides evidence on the reliability of ICP in clinical dental practice.
  • Informs understanding of occlusion's role in temporomandibular disorders.
  • Contributes to improved accuracy in restorative dental procedures.