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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Imagery mismatch negativity in musicians.

Sibylle C Herholz¹, Claudia Lappe, Arne Knief

¹Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|August 14, 2009

Summary

Musical expertise enhances mental music processing. Musicians, unlike nonmusicians, showed an imagery mismatch negativity (iMMN) when hearing incorrect musical tones, indicating differences in auditory memory.

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Published on: June 3, 2013

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Music Cognition

Background:

Auditory memory plays a crucial role in music perception.
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a neurophysiological response to auditory prediction errors.
The neural basis of musical imagery, especially in relation to expertise, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the neural mechanisms of musical imagery in musicians versus nonmusicians.
To explore whether auditory memory traces in MMN can be based on imagined sounds.
To determine the influence of musical expertise on the processing of imagined melodies.

Main Methods:

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was employed to record brain activity.
A novel paradigm involved participants mentally continuing familiar melodies.
Participants judged the correctness of presented tones relative to their imagined melody, with incorrect tones eliciting a response.

Main Results:

Musicians exhibited an imagery mismatch negativity (iMMN) in response to incorrect tones.
Nonmusicians did not show a significant iMMN response.
This suggests that the MMN response can be elicited by imagined auditory stimuli.

Conclusions:

Musical expertise modulates the neural processing of musical imagery.
The findings support the idea that MMN can arise from imagined, not just sensory, memory traces.
This research provides insights into the neural underpinnings of auditory expertise and mental representation.