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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

Preventive Healthcare Services

Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Community-based hepatitis B screening programs in the United States in 2008.

D B Rein1, S B Lesesne, P J Leese

  • 1RTI International, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. drein@rti.org

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|August 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Community programs screen many foreign-born individuals for hepatitis B (HBV) infection, identifying high hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence. However, current screening efforts may not fully meet CDC recommendations for HBV testing.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Research

Background:

  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing for foreign-born individuals from high-prevalence areas (> or = 2%).
  • Independent community organizations are primary providers of HBsAg screening in the United States.
  • Understanding the scope and effectiveness of these community-based screening programs is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To gather information on community-based HBsAg screening programs in the United States.
  • To assess the reach, target populations, and effectiveness of these screening initiatives.
  • To evaluate the contribution of community programs to meeting national HBV screening recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of potential screening programs through known contacts, interviews, and internet searches.
  • Data collection via email surveys and follow-up phone calls.
  • Analysis of program location, number screened, services offered, target demographics, and HBsAg prevalence.

Main Results:

  • 31 community HBsAg screening programs were contacted, screening an estimated 21,817 individuals in the past year.
  • An average HBsAg prevalence of 8.1% was observed among those screened.
  • Programs primarily targeted individuals from Asia, with limited screening of those from Africa, Eastern Europe, or US-born individuals at behavioral risk; geographic gaps in screening were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Community HBsAg screening programs are effective in identifying individuals with HBV infection, as indicated by high prevalence rates.
  • Current community-based efforts, while valuable, are likely insufficient to meet the CDC's recommended HBV screening needs.
  • Targeted expansion and improved geographic distribution of screening programs are necessary to address the full scope of the HBV epidemic.