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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Apnea training effects on swimming coordination.

Frédéric Lemaître¹, Ludovic Seifert, Didier Polin

¹C.E.T.A.P.S., UPRES EA No 3832: University of Rouen, Faculty of Sports Sciences, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. frederic.lemaitre@univ-rouen.fr

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

|August 14, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Apnea training enhances swimmers' breathing capacity and improves swimming technique by increasing stroke length and coordination. While not boosting speed, it optimizes efficiency for better performance.

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Physiology
Swimming Biomechanics

Background:

Athletes in demanding sports like triathlons and breath-hold diving exhibit physiological adaptations to hypoxia.
Hypoxic training, involving repeated breath-holding, is explored for its potential to enhance swimming coordination.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of a 3-month apnea training program on swimming coordination and physiological parameters in male swimmers.

Main Methods:

Four male swimmers underwent a 3-month breath-hold training program.
Maximal incremental cycling tests and 50-m front crawl maximal speed races (no breathing) were conducted before and after training.
Video analysis assessed swim velocity, stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and interarm coordination (Index of Coordination - IdC).

Main Results:

Apnea training led to significant improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, VO2peak, minimal arterial oxygen saturation, and respiratory compensation point.
Swimming performance (velocity, 50-m time) did not improve.
Stroke rate (SR) decreased, while stroke length (SL) and Index of Coordination (IdC) increased, indicating enhanced propulsive continuity.

Conclusions:

Apnea training enhances physiological responses to hypoxia and improves swimming technique by increasing stroke length and interarm coordination.
The training promotes greater propulsive continuity, suggesting improved swimming effectiveness at both peak and submaximal exercise intensities.