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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
07:25

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Published on: March 6, 2018

Pathogenesis of prostate cancer and hormone refractory prostate cancer

J S Girling1, H C Whitaker, I G Mills

  • 1CRUK Uro-oncolgy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 2XZ, UK.

Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India
|August 14, 2009
PubMed

Insights

Prostate cancer initially depends on androgens but becomes hormone-refractory. Understanding androgen receptor (AR) pathway changes is key to treating advanced prostate cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in males.
  • It is initially androgen-dependent, relying on the androgen receptor (AR).
  • Hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) develops as cancers become androgen-independent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the molecular biology of prostate cancer.
  • To examine developments in understanding hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
  • To summarize known pathways and introduce novel concepts for HRPC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms in prostate cancer progression.
  • Synthesis of information on AR signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identified AR amplification, over-expression, and mutation as mechanisms in HRPC.
  • Highlighted alterations in the AR signaling pathway.
  • Summarized well-characterized and emerging pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the molecular basis of HRPC is crucial for developing new therapies.
  • Further research into AR pathway alterations may offer future solutions.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge and points to future research directions.
Keywords:
Prostate cancerrefractory androgen receptor

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