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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal secretions in common...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Refractory overactive bladder: Beyond oral anticholinergic therapy.

Ronald W Glinski1, Steven Siegel

  • 1Center for Continence Care and Female Urology, Metro Urology Specialists, 2550 University Avenue West, Suite 240N, St. Paul, MN 55114.

Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India
|August 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

For refractory overactive bladder (OAB), behavioral therapies and oral medications are first-line treatments. When these fail, neuromodulation or botulinum toxin injections offer effective alternatives for managing OAB symptoms.

Keywords:
Behavioral therapybotulinum toxin type Aelectrical stimulationoveractive bladderurinary incontinenceurologic surgical procedures

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Nephrology
  • Pelvic Health

Background:

  • Refractory overactive bladder (OAB) significantly impacts quality of life.
  • Medication therapy often fails to provide adequate symptom relief for many OAB patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current treatment options for refractory overactive bladder (OAB).
  • To propose a care pathway for OAB management.
  • To address the cost-effectiveness of OAB treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Selective expert literature review using MEDLINE.
  • Summary of current data on refractory OAB treatments.
  • Review of treatment outcomes, including combined and emerging therapies.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral therapies and posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) show 50-80% symptom improvement.
  • Combination therapy with oral anticholinergics may improve efficacy by 10-30%.
  • Sacral neuromodulation and botulinum toxin achieve 80-90% symptom reduction; pudendal neuromodulation shows promise.
  • Surgical options are reserved for severe cases.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral options, with or without anticholinergics, manage most OAB patients.
  • Neuromodulation and botulinum toxin are effective alternatives for refractory OAB.
  • Further research on cost-effectiveness of OAB treatments is warranted.