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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures
05:39

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures

Published on: April 8, 2014

Extracorporeal shock waves stimulate osteoblast activities.

Roberto Tamma1, Stefania dell'Endice, Angela Notarnicola

  • 1Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
|August 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) promotes bone repair by stimulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. It also reduces factors that stimulate osteoclast formation, aiding musculoskeletal disorder treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures
05:39

Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures

Published on: April 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a recognized treatment for musculoskeletal disorders.
  • ESWT's mechanism in promoting bone repair at the cellular level requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct effects of ESWT on murine osteoblasts.
  • To clarify the cellular mechanisms underlying ESWT-induced osteogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Murine osteoblasts were subjected to ESWT pulses (500 impulses of 0.05 mJ/mm²).
  • Western blot analysis was used to assess protein expression (Bax, cyclin E2/CDK2).
  • Real-time PCR quantified gene expression (osteoprotegerin [OPG], receptor activator NF kappa B ligand [RANKL]).

Main Results:

  • ESWT induced a rapid pro-apoptotic effect (increased Bax expression) within 3 hours.
  • A proliferative stimulus was observed 24–72 hours post-treatment (activated cyclin E2/CDK2).
  • ESWT decreased the RANKL/OPG ratio, suggesting inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • ESWT promotes osteogenesis via osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.
  • ESWT reduces the secretion of pro-osteoclastogenic factors, contributing to bone repair.
  • The findings clarify the cellular mechanisms of ESWT in musculoskeletal repair.