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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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During development, the limbs...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

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Published on: April 26, 2019

Phosphate regulates embryonic endochondral bone development.

Alena A Zalutskaya1, Megan K Cox, Marie B Demay

  • 1Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
|August 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High phosphate levels promote embryonic chondrocyte differentiation and apoptosis. This study reveals phosphate

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Phosphate is crucial for chondrocyte differentiation and growth plate development.
  • High phosphate concentrations activate apoptosis in hypertrophic chondrocytes in vitro.
  • The role of extracellular phosphate in embryonic endochondral bone formation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of extracellular phosphate on chondrocyte differentiation and apoptosis during embryonic skeletal development.
  • To determine if phosphate modulates chondrocyte behavior in the context of endochondral bone formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse metatarsal culture model to mimic embryonic bone development.
  • Cultured metatarsals with varying phosphate concentrations (1.25 mM and 7 mM) for 4, 8, and 12 days.
  • Assessed chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, FGF18 expression, and caspase-9 activation via immunohistochemistry.

Main Results:

  • Higher phosphate (7 mM) reduced chondrocyte proliferation but enhanced hypertrophic differentiation and FGF18 expression.
  • Elevated caspase-9 activation and apoptosis were observed in hypertrophic chondrocytes at 7 mM phosphate by day 8.
  • Caspase-9 activation in hypertrophic chondrocytes correlated with vascular invasion in embryonic bones.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular phosphate promotes chondrocyte differentiation during embryonic development.
  • Phosphate activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in hypertrophic chondrocytes during embryonic endochondral bone formation.
  • Phosphate plays a significant physiological role in regulating chondrocyte fate during skeletal development.