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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Mindfulness and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Susan L Smalley1, Sandra K Loo, T Sigi Hale

  • 1Mindful Awareness Research Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ssmalley@mednet.ucla.edu

Journal of Clinical Psychology
|August 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) report lower mindfulness. Personality traits like self-directedness also influence these differences, suggesting mindfulness interventions may help manage ADHD symptoms.

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Published on: June 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder primarily characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.
  • Mindfulness, defined as receptive attention to present experience, involves awareness and non-judgmental observation.
  • Both ADHD and mindfulness are linked to attention regulation and personality traits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether individuals with ADHD exhibit lower mindfulness scores compared to controls.
  • To determine if personality traits mediate the relationship between ADHD and mindfulness.
  • To explore the specific facets of mindfulness most affected by ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 105 adult participants, with half diagnosed with ADHD.
  • Assessment of mindfulness using the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS).
  • Evaluation of personality traits using the Tridimensional Character Inventory (TCI).

Main Results:

  • Adults with ADHD reported significantly lower mindfulness scores than their non-ADHD counterparts.
  • Individuals with ADHD exhibited higher novelty-seeking, lower self-directedness, and higher self-transcendence.
  • Mindfulness was negatively correlated with ADHD status and positively associated with self-directedness and self-transcendence.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD status and personality traits (self-directedness, self-transcendence) significantly explain variability in trait mindfulness.
  • The 'Acting in Awareness' mindfulness subscale showed the strongest association with ADHD, potentially due to shared attentional variability.
  • Interventions aimed at enhancing mindfulness may offer a therapeutic avenue for improving ADHD symptoms and related personality dimensions.