Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Optimization of the Longa Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Method for Complete Reperfusion
Published on: November 22, 2024
[The region of Karlovac in the urgent PCI network]
1Department of Medicine, Karlovac General Hospital, Karlovac, Croatia. davor.horvat@ka.t-com.hr
Insights
Many ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients arrived with subacute conditions. Expanding urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to unstable angina and NSTEMI patients could improve outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Interventional Cardiology
Context:
- Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) management
- Urgent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) referral pathways
Purpose:
- To analyze referral circumstances for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients requiring urgent PCI.
- To evaluate the application of PCI in acute coronary syndromes.
Summary:
- A 2005-2008 study analyzed 366 ACS admissions: 37% unstable angina, 15% NSTEMI, 48% STEMI.
- Of 176 STEMI patients, 52% presented with subacute infarction; only 22% received urgent PCI, 17% fibrinolysis.
- Barriers to PCI in STEMI included late arrival, advanced age, and patient/physician refusal.
Impact:
- Current STEMI referral practices result in delayed treatment for many patients.
- Optimizing PCI use in STEMI, unstable angina, and NSTEMI could enhance treatment success rates.
Aim:
The aim of the study was to determine circumstances of referring patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) for urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Patients And Methods:
Different forms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and circumstances of referring STEMI patients to Karlovac PCI from October 2005 to February 2008 were analyzed.
Results:
During the period of observation, 366 ACS patients were hospitalized. There were 37% of patients with unstable angina pectoris, 15% with myocardial infarction without ST-elevation (NSTEMI) and 48% with STEMI. Out of 176 STEMI patients, 52% had subacute infarction, 22% were referred for urgent PCI, 17% received fibrinolytic treatment, whereas in 9% of patients PCI and fibrinolysis were contradictory. Out of 30 patients with fibrinolysis, PCI was not carried out in 14 patients that arrived in hospital within 2-3 hours, 2 patients arrived after 6 hours, 3 patients were older than 75 and 11 patients refused invasive approach to treatment or it was personal estimate of the physician.
Conclusion:
Accordingly, too many patients with subacute STEMI arrived in hospital. The success of PCI project would be even better if it was used in patients with unstable angina pectoris and NSTEMI.
Related Concept Videos
Hospitals-II
Nurses that work in hospitals have...
Hospitals-I
Region of Convergence
Cardiac Catheterization IV: Nursing Management
Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization
Rapid Identification of Pathogens

