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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity
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Published on: September 26, 2025

Cognitive enhancements in human beings.

Louis M Solomon1, Rebekka C Noll, David S Mordkoff

  • 1Proskauer Rose LLP, New York, New York 10036-8299, USA. Lsolomon@proskauer.com

Gender Medicine
|August 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genometry research lags in cognitive enhancement compared to physical. Nonmedical use of prescription cognitive enhancers raises fairness questions and regulatory challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Genometry: applying genetic code understanding to human destiny.
  • Focus on cognitive enhancement technologies and their societal impact.

Background:

  • Cognitive enhancement research lags behind physical enhancement.
  • Increasing nonmedical use of prescription drugs for cognitive benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe developments in cognitive enhancement.
  • To examine social policy and regulatory issues surrounding cognitive enhancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research and development in cognitive enhancement.
  • Analysis of nonmedical prescription drug use for cognitive benefits.
  • Examination of US law and international competition rules.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive enhancement R&D has not matched physical enhancement progress.
  • Nonmedical use of prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement is rising.
  • Social policy and regulatory questions are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • The disparity in advancement between cognitive and physical enhancement requires attention.
  • The rise of nonmedical cognitive enhancer use necessitates policy and regulatory frameworks.
  • Fairness and ethical considerations are paramount in regulating cognitive enhancement.