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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

In-vitro Mutagenesis

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

Reprogramming after chromosome transfer into mouse blastomeres.

Dieter Egli¹, Vladislav M Sandler, Mari L Shinohara

¹Stowers Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.

Current Biology : CB

|August 18, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mouse embryo blastomeres can reprogram differentiated cells, enabling cloning and stem cell generation. This research shows early embryo cells retain potent reprogramming abilities for potential therapeutic applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

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Published on: December 16, 2016

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Published on: November 29, 2012

Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

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Published on: March 22, 2017

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Reproductive Biology

Background:

Oocytes and fertilized zygotes possess reprogramming capabilities essential for animal cloning via nuclear transfer.
Recent findings suggest that reprogramming activities may persist in early cleavage-stage embryos.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the reprogramming potential of blastomeres from two-cell-stage mouse embryos.
To determine if these blastomeres can reprogram more differentiated donor cells.

Main Methods:

Chromosome transplantation technique was employed.
Chromosomes from one blastomere of a two-cell-stage embryo were replaced with those from embryonic or CD4(+) T lymphocyte donor cells.

Main Results:

Observed successful nuclear reprogramming of donor cell chromosomes within the recipient blastomere.
Demonstrated efficient contribution of reprogrammed cells to the developing blastocyst.
Generated mosaic cloned animals that developed to term.
Derived embryonic stem cell lines from manipulated embryos.

Conclusions:

Blastomeres of two-cell-stage mouse embryos retain significant reprogramming activities.
This supports the potential use of human preimplantation embryos for generating patient-specific embryonic stem cell lines.