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Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...

Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management

Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management

A comprehensive nursing assessment is essential for patients with valvular heart disease, which involves any dysfunction of the heart valves that could impact blood flow and overall heart function.Subjective Data Collection:Chief Complaint and Present Illness: Start with the patient's primary concerns, focusing on the onset, duration, and progression of cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations.Past Medical History: Collect detailed information on any previous...

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

Chambers of the Heart

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Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

Published on: July 18, 2014

Tetralogy of Fallot.

Christian Apitz¹, Gary D Webb, Andrew N Redington

¹Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Lancet (London, England)

|August 18, 2009

Summary

Tetralogy of Fallot survival has dramatically improved, with most patients now living into adulthood. This success necessitates new strategies for lifelong care and managing late complications in this growing adult population.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Pediatric Surgery
Medical Genetics

Background:

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most prevalent cyanotic congenital heart disease.
Surgical repair advancements since the 1950s have significantly improved patient survival rates.
The majority of individuals with Tetralogy of Fallot now survive into adulthood, leading to a demographic shift where adults outnumber children.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding Tetralogy of Fallot.
To highlight the evolving challenges and necessary adaptations in lifelong care for Tetralogy of Fallot survivors.
To emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for managing congenital heart disease from fetus to elderly.

Main Methods:

Review of historical and contemporary medical literature.

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Analysis of outcomes data for Tetralogy of Fallot patients.

Discussion of emerging medical, training, and resource allocation issues for adult survivors.

Main Results:

Dramatic improvements in survival rates for Tetralogy of Fallot, enabling most patients to reach adulthood.
Emergence of new medical complications and challenges in the long-term care of adult survivors.
Increased prevalence of adults with Tetralogy of Fallot compared to children in many regions.

Conclusions:

Lifelong, multidisciplinary care is essential for optimal management of Tetralogy of Fallot survivors.
Continued research into disease mechanisms, therapies, and late complications is crucial.
Adapting care strategies to address the needs of an aging population with congenital heart disease is a priority.