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Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:

Household Wiring And Electrical Safety

Household Wiring And Electrical Safety

Companies that supply power to most modern households use three conductors, typically called a three-wire line. While one is neutral, the other two are both at 120 V but with opposite polarity, giving a voltage of 240 V between them. With a three-wire line, high-power appliances that require 240 V, such as electric stoves and clothes dryers, are linked between the two hot lines. 120 V appliances can be connected between the neutral and either of the hot lines. The neutral side, which is always...

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Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)

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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

Published on: May 2, 2018

Safety aspects of GH replacement.

Johan Svensson¹, Bengt-Ake Bengtsson

¹Department of Endocrinology, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. johan.svensson@medic.gu.se <johan.svensson@medic.gu.se>

European Journal of Endocrinology

|August 18, 2009

Summary

Long-term growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adults is safe and may improve cardiovascular outcomes. Studies using the KIMS database confirm the safety of this decades-long treatment for GH deficiency.

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High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

Published on: May 2, 2018

High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

Published on: December 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Disorders
Pharmacotherapy

Background:

Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy is a long-term treatment for adults.
Establishing the long-term safety of GH replacement is crucial due to treatment duration.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the safety profile of long-term GH replacement in adults.
To emphasize findings from the Pfizer International Metabolic Database (KIMS).

Main Methods:

Review of studies investigating the safety of long-term GH replacement.
Analysis of data primarily from the KIMS database.

Main Results:

Long-term GH replacement in adults is demonstrated to be safe.
GH replacement may lead to improvements in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.

Conclusions:

Long-term GH replacement therapy in adults is safe.
GH replacement therapy may offer cardiovascular benefits for GH-deficient adults.