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Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
Published on: June 28, 2024
Redox regulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
Hongqiao Zhang1, Henry Jay Forman
1School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA.
Abstract:
gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) catalyzes the transfer of the glutamyl moiety from glutathione, and glutathione S-conjugates to acceptors to form another amide or to water to produce free glutamate. Functionally, GGT plays important roles in glutathione homeostasis and mercapturic acid metabolism. The expression of GGT is increased as an adaptive response upon the exposure of oxidative stress. The underlying mechanism of this, however, is nebulous, as GGT gene structure is complex and its transcription is usually controlled by multiple promoters that generate several subtypes of GGT mRNAs. Studies reveal that signaling pathways such as Ras, ERK, p38MAPK, and PI3K are involved in the induction of GGT gene expression in response to oxidative stress. Thus, not surprisingly, induction of GGT mRNA subtypes and the involvement of multiple signaling pathways vary depending on cell type and stimuli.
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