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Production of Alcohol

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

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Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

Cognitive Dissonance

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...

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Related Experiment Video

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The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

Published on: April 28, 2022

Alcohol breeds empty goal commitments.

A Timur Sevincer¹, Gabriele Oettingen

¹Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. timur.sevincer@uni-hamburg.de

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

|August 19, 2009

Summary

Alcohol impairs judgment, causing people to commit strongly to goals regardless of success likelihood. Upon sobering, these alcohol-induced commitments fade, especially when goal attainment is improbable.

Area of Science:

Psychology
Cognitive Science
Neuroscience

Background:

Alcohol myopia theory suggests alcohol narrows attentional focus to salient stimuli, neglecting peripheral information.
This theory implies alcohol may affect goal commitment by altering risk perception and future planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether alcohol consumption leads to stronger goal commitments irrespective of goal attainment probability.
To examine if alcohol-induced goal commitments translate into actual goal-directed behavior.

Main Methods:

Study 1: Participants set an interpersonal goal, rated success expectations, and consumed alcohol or placebo.
Study 2: Measured goal-directed actions over time in sobered participants from Study 1.

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Main Results:

Intoxicated participants showed strong goal commitment even with low expectations, unlike placebo participants.
Sobered participants who were previously intoxicated with low expectations did not pursue their goals.

Conclusions:

Alcohol can create 'empty' goal commitments not grounded in realistic expectations.
These commitments do not foster sustained goal striving, particularly when prospects are unfavorable.