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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Prosopagnosia01:24

Prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Olfactory impairment in adults.

Carla R Schubert1, Karen J Cruickshanks, Claire Murphy

  • 1University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Schubert@episense.wisc.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|August 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory impairment affects 25% of older adults, varying by sex and age. While many maintain their olfactory status over time, some improve, highlighting the need for large-scale olfactory studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Olfactory function is crucial for safety and well-being.
  • Epidemiological studies are essential for understanding olfactory impairment.
  • Efficient and repeatable methods are needed for large-scale olfactory assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess olfactory impairment prevalence using the San Diego Odor Identification Test (SDOIT) in two large cohort studies.
  • To examine changes in olfactory function over time.
  • To identify factors influencing olfactory impairment and its heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the San Diego Odor Identification Test (SDOIT) in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS) and Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS).
  • Defined olfactory impairment as identifying fewer than six out of eight odors.
  • Collected data on age, sex, and repeated olfactory measurements over five years.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of olfactory impairment was 25% in EHLS, higher in men and increasing with age.
  • 84% of EHLS participants maintained their olfactory classification after five years.
  • 31% of impaired EHLS participants improved, and BOSS suggests lower prevalence in younger individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory impairment is common in older adults but shows heterogeneity in its course.
  • Age and sex are significant factors, with potential generational differences.
  • Further epidemiological research is necessary to address olfactory dysfunction.