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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Amebiasis01:28

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Epidemiology of hepatitis E: current status.

Rakesh Aggarwal1, Sita Naik

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. aggarwal.ra@gmail.com

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|August 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute hepatitis, primarily through fecal-oral transmission in endemic areas. Recent years show increased zoonotic HEV cases in non-endemic regions, particularly in elderly men.

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of acute hepatitis globally, particularly in regions with inadequate sanitation.
  • HEV exhibits four genotypes (1-4); genotypes 1 and 2 primarily infect humans, while genotypes 3 and 4 have zoonotic potential, infecting animals like pigs.
  • Transmission routes include fecal-oral (predominant), contaminated food, materno-fetal, and parenteral, with outbreaks common in endemic areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections.
  • To highlight the changing patterns of HEV transmission and disease presentation.
  • To discuss recent advancements and future directions in understanding HEV.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HEV epidemiology.
  • Analysis of changing transmission dynamics and clinical presentations.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on HEV genotypes and risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Endemic areas experience frequent HEV outbreaks (genotypes 1 & 2) via fecal-oral routes, with young adults and pregnant women being high-risk groups.
  • Non-endemic regions report increasing HEV cases (genotypes 3 & 4), often linked to zoonotic transmission in elderly men with comorbidities.
  • Chronic HEV genotype 3 infections are recognized in immunosuppressed individuals in non-endemic areas.

Conclusions:

  • HEV epidemiology is dynamic, with evolving transmission patterns and clinical significance.
  • Zoonotic transmission of HEV is an emerging concern in non-endemic regions.
  • Further research and potential vaccine development are crucial for controlling HEV.