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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period
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Nurturing nature: social experiences and the brain.

Frances A Champagne1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York NY, USA.

Journal of Neuroendocrinology
|August 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Maternal care epigenetically modifies infant brain genes, influencing social behaviors. These changes impact nurturing behaviors in offspring, highlighting gene-environment interactions across life.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Maternal care is crucial for infant development.
  • Environmental factors can influence gene expression.
  • Behavioral inheritance involves complex interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how maternal care impacts infant brain gene expression.
  • To understand the long-term effects of early life experiences on behavior.
  • To explore the interplay between genes and social environment in shaping behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Epigenetic analysis of specific genes in infant brains.
  • Behavioral assessments of maternal and offspring nurturing.
  • Longitudinal studies tracking behavioral changes across the lifespan.

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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

Published on: July 6, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

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Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period

Published on: March 1, 2024

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A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Published on: May 3, 2017

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions
10:45

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

Published on: July 6, 2011

Main Results:

  • Maternal care alters gene expression patterns in the infant brain.
  • Affected genes are linked to maternal and social behaviors.
  • Offspring exhibit long-term changes in nurturing behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Early life nurturing can epigenetically program the brain.
  • Gene-environment interactions are critical for behavioral inheritance.
  • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into social behavior development.