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Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction

Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems

Delayed-release drug delivery systems are specialized pharmaceutical formulations designed to postpone the release of active compounds until the drug reaches a specific region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, typically the intestine. These systems are essential for drugs that may cause gastric irritation, are unstable in acidic environments, or need to exert therapeutic effects locally in the intestinal or colonic regions.The core feature of delayed-release systems is the use of enteric...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...

Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types

Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types

Conventional oral drug products, termed immediate-release (IR) formulations, are engineered to promptly release their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) upon ingestion, typically in tablets or capsules. This rapid release often results in swift drug absorption and consequent pharmacodynamic effects, although the timing and intensity can vary depending on the drug's properties. Prodrugs within these formulations require metabolic conversion to activate their pharmacodynamic effects,...

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Formation of Dispersible Taohong Siwu Tablets

Formation of Dispersible Taohong Siwu Tablets

Published on: February 3, 2023

A new formulation for orally disintegrating tablets using a suspension spray-coating method.

Y Okuda¹, Y Irisawa, K Okimoto

¹Towa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-7 Ichiban-Cho, Kadoma, Osaka 571-0033, Japan. y-okuda@towayakuhin.co.jp

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

|August 19, 2009

Summary

A new method for preparing orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) creates granules with high hardness and fast disintegration. Mannitol-coated granules offer superior ODT properties, balancing hardness and rapid oral disintegration.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Formation of Dispersible Taohong Siwu Tablets

Formation of Dispersible Taohong Siwu Tablets

Published on: February 3, 2023

Disposable Dosators Intended for Dry Powder Delivery to Mice

Disposable Dosators Intended for Dry Powder Delivery to Mice

Published on: August 18, 2023

Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Technology
Materials Science

Background:

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) require a balance between tablet hardness and rapid disintegration.
Existing preparation methods may not optimally achieve both properties simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel preparation method for ODTs with enhanced tablet hardness and fast oral disintegration.
To identify key parameters for selecting optimal ODT formulations.

Main Methods:

Rapid disintegration granules (RDGs) were prepared by spray-coating saccharides (trehalose, mannitol, lactose) with corn starch suspension using a fluidized-bed granulator.
Additional disintegrants (crospovidone, silicic acid, starch) were incorporated into the suspension.
Tabletting properties, including hardness and oral disintegration time, were evaluated. Linear relationships between hardness and disintegration time were analyzed using D/H and D/H(0) values.

Main Results:

RDGs exhibited large surface areas, narrow particle size distribution, and micro-pores, contributing to increased tablet hardness.
A linear correlation was found between tablet hardness and oral disintegration time.
Mannitol spray-coated with corn starch and crospovidone (2.5:1 w/w) demonstrated optimal properties for ODTs, achieving fast in vivo disintegration and high tablet hardness.

Conclusions:

A simple spray-coating method effectively produces superior formulations for ODTs.
The D/H and D/H(0) values serve as crucial parameters for selecting ODTs with desirable characteristics.
Optimized mannitol-based RDGs offer a promising approach for developing advanced ODTs.