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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Published on: October 25, 2024

No association found between decreased ovarian reserve and low thyroid function.

J H Check¹, J Stegonshek, C Wilson

¹The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Camden, NJ, USA. laurie@ccivf.com

Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology

|August 20, 2009

Summary

Women with diminished ovarian reserve did not show a higher likelihood of diminished thyroid function compared to those with normal ovarian reserve. Autoimmune ovarian damage is unlikely to be a common cause of diminished egg reserve.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

Reproductive Endocrinology
Thyroidology
Immunology

Background:

Diminished ovarian reserve affects fertility in many women.
Thyroid dysfunction can impact reproductive health.
The relationship between ovarian and thyroid reserve is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between diminished ovarian reserve and diminished thyroid reserve.
To compare thyroid function in women with diminished egg reserve versus those with normal egg reserve.

Main Methods:

Evaluated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.
Assessed history of thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
Compared donor egg recipients with diminished egg reserve to controls with normal egg reserve based on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels.

Main Results:

No significant differences in diminished thyroid function were observed between egg recipients and controls.
This finding held true for women aged 39 and under.

Conclusions:

Autoimmune damage to the ovaries does not appear to be a frequent cause of diminished ovarian reserve.
The commonality of autoimmune damage to multiple endocrine glands was considered.