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Comparison of larval development and overwintering stages of the spotted knapweed biological control agents Agapeta

Janelle G Corn1, Jim M Story, Linda J White

  • 1Montana State University, Western Agricultural Research Center, 580 Quast Lane, Corvallis, MT 59828, USA.

Environmental Entomology
|August 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological control insects Agapeta zoegana and Cyphocleonus achates show slower larval development in Montana than in their native range. This may impact their effectiveness against invasive spotted knapweed.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Entomology
  • Biological Control

Background:

  • Invasive weeds pose significant ecological and economic threats.
  • Biological control agents are introduced to manage invasive species.
  • Climate change can impact the efficacy of introduced biological control agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the larval development of two biological control insects, Agapeta zoegana and Cyphocleonus achates, introduced from Eastern Europe for spotted knapweed control in western North America.
  • To determine if overwintering conditions in Montana influence the developmental stages of these insects compared to their native ranges.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of spotted knapweed roots collected over six years in western Montana.
  • Measurement of larval head capsule size to determine overwintering instar stages.
  • Comparison of developmental stages between fall and spring collections, and with native range data.

Main Results:

  • Neither Agapeta zoegana nor Cyphocleonus achates reached as advanced an overwintering instar in Montana as reported in their native ranges.
  • Most Agapeta zoegana larvae overwintered in the third or fourth instar, with fewer reaching the typical sixth instar.
  • Almost all Cyphocleonus achates overwintered as first instars, with very few in the typical second instar, and some viable eggs found in spring.

Conclusions:

  • Larval development of Agapeta zoegana and Cyphoncleus achates is slower in western Montana than in their native Eurasia.
  • Slower development, particularly for Agapeta zoegana, may contribute to fewer generations per year in Montana, potentially affecting biological control success.
  • The findings highlight the importance of considering climate and native range phenology when assessing biological control agent establishment and efficacy.