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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
08:00

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction

Published on: April 10, 2026

Thyroid function: Thyroid hormones, iodine and the brain-an important concern.

Peter Laurberg

    Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
    |August 20, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Maternal thyroid hormone deficiency during pregnancy can cause irreversible fetal brain damage. Early iodine supplementation may prevent these developmental issues, but further research into the exact mechanisms is needed.

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    Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
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    A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
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    A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

    Published on: October 6, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Developmental neuroscience
    • Endocrinology
    • Maternal-fetal medicine

    Background:

    • Thyroid hormones are crucial for fetal brain development.
    • Prolonged exposure to low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) in utero can lead to permanent neurological deficits.
    • The precise molecular pathways linking maternal hypothyroidism to fetal neurodevelopmental abnormalities remain incompletely understood.

    Discussion:

    • Investigating the specific mechanisms by which fetal thyroid hormone deficiency impacts brain development is essential.
    • Understanding these pathways could reveal critical windows for intervention.
    • This research addresses the potential of maternal iodine supplementation as a preventative strategy.

    Key Insights:

    • Fetal exposure to insufficient thyroid hormone levels poses a significant risk for irreversible brain damage.
    • Delayed neurological and behavioral development are potential consequences.
    • The study aims to elucidate the underlying pathological mechanisms.

    Outlook:

    • Further research is needed to confirm the efficacy of maternal iodine supplementation in preventing these adverse outcomes.
    • Identifying specific molecular targets could lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
    • This work may inform clinical guidelines for managing thyroid health during pregnancy.