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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity
10:10

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Regulatory T cells that become autoaggressive.

Daniel Hawiger, Richard A Flavell

    Nature Immunology
    |August 21, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can lose Foxp3 expression, converting into harmful effector T cells. This instability in Foxp3 is linked to autoimmune diseases and aggressive lymphocytes.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology
    • Autoimmunity

    Background:

    • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune homeostasis.
    • Foxp3 is a key transcription factor defining Treg lineage and function.
    • Treg instability, characterized by Foxp3 loss, is observed in various immune contexts.

    Discussion:

    • Foxp3 expression is plastic and can be downregulated in Tregs.
    • This downregulation can occur both in laboratory settings (in vitro) and within a living organism (in vivo).
    • Loss of Foxp3 can lead to the conversion of Tregs into proinflammatory effector T cells.

    Key Insights:

    • Instability of Foxp3 expression in Tregs is a significant finding.
    • Extinguishment of Foxp3 can transform suppressive Tregs into pathogenic cells.

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    Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

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    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

    Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity
    10:10

    Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

    Published on: November 8, 2016

    Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
    10:29

    Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

    Published on: January 3, 2025

    Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
    14:23

    Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

    Published on: April 16, 2012

  • This cellular plasticity contributes to the development and progression of autoimmune conditions.

    • Outlook:

    • Understanding Foxp3 dynamics is critical for developing novel autoimmune therapies.
    • Targeting Treg stability could offer a therapeutic strategy to control autoimmunity.
    • Further research into the mechanisms of Foxp3 loss is warranted.