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Related Concept Videos

Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
When measuring pressure at two different levels within the fluid, the difference in pressure...
Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
Accelerating Fluids01:17

Accelerating Fluids

When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
The motion of the liquid within this infinitesimal cylinder is considered to obtain the pressure difference. Three vertical forces act on this liquid:
Fluid Pressure over Curved Plate of Constant Width01:12

Fluid Pressure over Curved Plate of Constant Width

When a curved plate of constant width is submerged in a liquid, the pressure acting normal to the plate varies continuously both in magnitude and direction. Calculating the magnitude and location of the resultant force at a point is often challenging for such cases. One of the methods to determine the resultant force and its location involves separately calculating the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force. This complex calculation can be simplified by representing the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids
10:28

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids

Published on: January 3, 2014

Improvement of rectification effects in diffuser/nozzle structures with viscoelastic fluids.

Nam-Trung Nguyen, Yee-Cheong Lam, Soon-Seng Ho

    Biomicrofluidics
    |August 21, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Viscoelastic fluids enhance rectification in microfluidic diffusernozzle structures. This enables efficient low Reynolds number pumping for lab-on-a-chip applications, overcoming limitations of traditional Newtonian fluid micropumps.

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    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

    Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids
    10:28

    Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids

    Published on: January 3, 2014

    Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
    08:02

    Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure

    Published on: April 17, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Microfluidics
    • Fluid Dynamics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Rectification in diffusernozzle structures typically relies on inertial effects, requiring high Reynolds numbers and frequencies for Newtonian fluids.
    • Low Reynolds number applications face challenges with traditional micropump designs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the improvement of rectification effects in diffusernozzle structures using viscoelastic fluids.
    • To explore the potential of viscoelasticity for low Reynolds number micro-pumping.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a silicon microfluidic device using deep reactive ion etching.
    • Utilizing a dilute polyethylene oxide solution as the viscoelastic fluid.
    • Experimental measurements of flow visualization, pressure drop, and diodicity across varying diffusernozzle angles (15-60 degrees).

    Main Results:

    • Viscoelastic fluids demonstrate anisotropic behavior at low Reynolds numbers.
    • Significant improvement in diodicity was observed with the viscoelastic fluid compared to de-ionized water.
    • The study compared performance across different diffusernozzle opening angles.

    Conclusions:

    • Viscoelastic effects can achieve anisotropic behavior in diffusernozzle structures at low Reynolds numbers.
    • The improved diodicity offers a promising, simple pumping concept for lab-on-a-chip systems.
    • This approach overcomes the limitations of inertial effects in Newtonian fluid-based micropumps.