Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
Published on: November 14, 2017
Presence of the APOE epsilon4 allele modifies the relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive performance: the
G A Dore1, M F Elias, M A Robbins
1Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 5742 Little Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5742, USA. gregory.dore@maine.edu
Aims/Hypothesis:
The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of one or more APOE epsilon4 alleles modifies the association between diabetes (defined by glucose > or =7 mmol/l or treatment) and cognitive function.
Methods:
Diabetic status and APOE genotype interactions were assessed cross-sectionally for 826 community-dwelling, stroke-free, non-demented individuals (526 non-diabetic non-APOE epsilon4 carriers, 174 non-diabetic APOE epsilon4 carriers, 87 diabetic APOE epsilon4 non-carriers, 39 diabetic APOE epsilon4 carriers) ranging in age from 50 to 98 years. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the similarities subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and four composite scores derived from 17 additional neuropsychological tests. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to relate diabetes and APOE genotype to cognitive performance and to examine the interaction between these two risk factors as they relate to cognitive performance. Multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors were statistically controlled.
Results:
With adjustment for age, education, sex, race/ethnicity and APOE genotype, performance level was lower for the diabetic than for the non-diabetic group for the MMSE, the similarities subtest and each of the cognitive composites with the exception of the verbal memory composite. Interactions (p < 0.05) between diabetes and APOE genotype were found for all but the visual-spatial memory/organisation composite. The negative association between diabetes and cognitive performance was of a higher magnitude for individuals who carry one or more APOE epsilon4 alleles. Results were similar with additional adjustment for cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors.
Conclusions/Interpretation:
The presence of one or more APOE epsilon4 alleles modifies the association between diabetes and cognitive function.
Related Concept Videos
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction
Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer
Human Genetics
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction
