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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Positive Regulator Molecules02:39

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides01:15

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to its type. For example, the parenchyma cells of...
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology
07:05

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

Published on: August 23, 2024

Cosmeceuticals and polyphenols.

Howard Epstein1

  • 1EMD Chemicals, Inc. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Gibbstown, NJ 08027, USA. hepsteinskincare@yahoo.com

Clinics in Dermatology
|August 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant-derived phenolic compounds, like flavonoids, show antioxidant potential but are poorly absorbed. Further research is needed on their bioavailable metabolites and physiological models for accurate antioxidant activity assessment.

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Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro
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Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

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Semi-Targeted Ultra-High-Performance Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phenolic Metabolites in Plasma of Elderly Adults
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Semi-Targeted Ultra-High-Performance Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phenolic Metabolites in Plasma of Elderly Adults

Published on: April 22, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology
07:05

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

Published on: August 23, 2024

Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro
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Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

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Semi-Targeted Ultra-High-Performance Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phenolic Metabolites in Plasma of Elderly Adults
14:39

Semi-Targeted Ultra-High-Performance Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phenolic Metabolites in Plasma of Elderly Adults

Published on: April 22, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Pharmacology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Phenolic compounds in plants are recognized for their potential to prevent diseases linked to oxidative stress.
  • There is a growing commercial and public interest in natural antioxidants and plant-derived phenolic products.
  • Flavonoids are a major class of plant compounds known for significant antioxidant activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of considering the bioavailability and metabolic activity of plant-derived phenolic compounds.
  • To address the gap in research regarding the in vivo antioxidant effects of flavonoid metabolites.
  • To emphasize the need for improved physiological models for polyphenol research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity.
  • Analysis of the discrepancy between in vitro antioxidant data and in vivo bioavailability.
  • Discussion of the limitations of current research models in assessing polyphenol efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Flavonoids exhibit high antioxidant activity in vitro but are poorly absorbed by the human body.
  • The antioxidant activity observed in vivo may be attributed to metabolites rather than the parent flavonoid compounds.
  • Current studies often overlook the role of these bioavailable metabolites.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to investigate the antioxidant activity of flavonoid metabolites.
  • Development of adequate physiological models is essential for accurately assessing the health benefits of polyphenols.
  • Future research should focus on the bioavailable forms of phenolic compounds to understand their true physiological impact.