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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle
09:14

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Published on: October 26, 2017

Senescence impairs successful reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells.

Ana Banito1, Sheikh T Rashid, Juan Carlos Acosta

  • 1Cell Proliferation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.

Genes & Development
|August 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Cellular senescence acts as a barrier to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell reprogramming. Overcoming senescence by targeting its effectors significantly enhances iPS cell generation efficiency.

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Stem cell biology
  • Senescence research

Background:

  • Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using specific transcription factors.
  • Reprogramming efficiency is often limited by biological barriers, leading to slow and stochastic outcomes.
  • Senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest, has been investigated as a potential barrier.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize the barriers limiting the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming into iPS cells.
  • To investigate the role of cellular senescence in hindering the reprogramming process.
  • To explore strategies for overcoming senescence to improve iPS cell generation.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) in somatic cells.
  • Analysis of senescence markers, including p53, p16(INK4a), and p21(CIP1) upregulation.
  • Investigation of DNA damage response and chromatin remodeling at the INK4a/ARF locus.
  • Genetic ablation of senescence effectors to assess reprogramming efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Expression of reprogramming factors induces senescence by upregulating key senescence markers.
  • Mechanisms of senescence induction involve DNA damage response and chromatin remodeling.
  • Ablating specific senescence effectors demonstrably improves the efficiency of iPS cell reprogramming.
  • Senescence is confirmed as a significant barrier to efficient iPS cell generation.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular senescence is a critical barrier that impedes the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming.
  • Targeting and mitigating senescence pathways offers a promising strategy to enhance iPS cell generation.
  • These findings pave the way for novel approaches to improve the production of iPS cells for research and therapeutic applications.