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Related Concept Videos

Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
Gastritis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Gastric Mucosa Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis for Detecting Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic Resistance
05:23

Gastric Mucosa Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis for Detecting Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: March 7, 2025

Helicobacter pylori Genome Plasticity.

D A Baltrus, M J Blaser, K Guillemin

    Genome Dynamics
    |August 22, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Helicobacter pylori has a highly adaptable genome, enabling its long-term survival in humans. Genetic mutation and natural transformation drive its genomic diversity, influencing its evolution alongside its hosts.

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach, causing ulcers, gastritis, and gastric cancers.
    • Despite modern interventions, H. pylori infects approximately half the global population, highlighting its remarkable evolutionary success.
    • Its long association with humans necessitates significant adaptive capabilities to overcome host-specific challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the genomic plasticity of H. pylori.
    • To investigate the mechanisms of mutation and natural transformation in H. pylori.
    • To understand how population structures influence the evolutionary success of H. pylori.

    Main Methods:

    • Survey of genome plasticity in H. pylori.

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    High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability
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    High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability

    Published on: November 21, 2014

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    Published on: March 7, 2025

    One-step Negative Chromatographic Purification of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-activating Protein Overexpressed in Escherichia coli in Batch Mode
    10:44

    One-step Negative Chromatographic Purification of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-activating Protein Overexpressed in Escherichia coli in Batch Mode

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  • Discussion of mutation and natural transformation mechanisms.
  • Examination of experimental data on genomic changes within populations.

    • Main Results:

    • H. pylori exhibits exceptionally high rates of DNA point mutations and recombination, contributing to genomic variability.
    • Natural transformation and intragenomic recombination are key drivers of genetic diversity.
    • The lack of an environmental reservoir suggests host-associated populations are critical for its evolution.

    Conclusions:

    • H. pylori's genomic fluidity is central to its persistence as a human pathogen.
    • Mutation and genetic exchange mechanisms are shaped by host-specific evolutionary pressures.
    • Understanding these evolutionary dynamics offers insights into H. pylori pathogenesis and host interactions.