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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Procollagen type III amino terminal peptide and myocardial fibrosis: A study in hypertensive patients with and without left ventricular hypertrophy.

Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology·2015
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Antihypertensive therapy in primary health care: the experience of the VALSIM study.

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Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters
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Air pollution and cardiovascular disease.

J Braz Nogueira1

  • 1Serviço de Medicina I, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal. jnogueira@fm.ul.pt

Revista Portuguesa De Cardiologia : Orgao Oficial Da Sociedade Portuguesa De Cardiologia = Portuguese Journal of Cardiology : an Official Journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology
|August 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), significantly increases cardiovascular risks. These particles trigger oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Air pollution, particularly particulate matter (PM), is linked to cardiovascular disease.
  • Inhalable particles (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5, PM0.1) have varying impacts on the respiratory and circulatory systems.
  • PM2.5 and PM0.1, primarily from fossil fuel combustion, pose significant health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cardiovascular effects of particulate matter air pollution.
  • To elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying PM-induced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  • To highlight the risks associated with fine and ultrafine particles, including engineered nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and epidemiological studies on air pollution and cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Analysis of particle size, composition, and translocation into the systemic circulation.
  • Examination of biological pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and autonomic nervous system imbalance.

Main Results:

  • PM exposure is consistently associated with acute and chronic cardiovascular effects.
  • Ultrafine particles (PM0.1) can enter the bloodstream, directly impacting the heart and vasculature.
  • Mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic imbalance, contributing to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and acute cardiovascular events.

Conclusions:

  • Particulate matter air pollution is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  • Fine and ultrafine particles exert adverse cardiovascular effects through multiple biological pathways.
  • Emerging concerns exist regarding the cardiovascular risks of engineered nanoparticles.