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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Videos

Catatony in Graves' disease.

J Rudolf, M Grond, M Neveling

    European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists
    |August 25, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Graves' disease can cause febrile catatonia, a serious condition with psychotic symptoms, even with normal thyroid hormone levels. Treatment with subtotal thyroidectomy resolved all psychiatric symptoms in a patient with this rare presentation.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Psychiatry
    • Neurology

    Background:

    • Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder typically associated with hyperthyroidism.
    • Febrile catatonia is a rare syndrome characterized by fever, autonomic instability, and catatonic symptoms.
    • Psychiatric manifestations of Graves' disease are often linked to thyroid hormone levels.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report a case of Graves' disease presenting with febrile catatonia.
    • To investigate the relationship between Graves' disease and psychotic symptoms, independent of thyroid hormone levels.
    • To highlight febrile catatonia as a potential psychiatric manifestation of Graves' disease.

    Main Methods:

    • Case report of a 27-year-old female patient with Graves' disease.
    • Clinical evaluation including assessment of psychiatric symptoms, neurological status, and thyroid function tests.

    Related Experiment Videos

  • Differential diagnosis including hyperthyroidism, thyrostatic treatment side effects, hypothyroidism, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
  • Treatment with subtotal thyroidectomy and observation of symptom resolution.

    • Main Results:

    • The patient presented with relapsing episodes of tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, muscular rigidity, and coma, initially suggestive of thyroid storm or neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
    • An acute schizophreniform psychotic disorder unresponsive to neuroleptics led to re-classification as febrile catatonia.
    • Thyroid function tests were normal, ruling out hyperthyroidism and thyrostatic treatment effects.
    • Subtotal thyroidectomy resulted in complete remission of all psychiatric symptoms.

    Conclusions:

    • Graves' disease can manifest as febrile catatonia, irrespective of serum thyroid hormone levels.
    • This case expands the spectrum of psychiatric phenomena associated with Graves' disease.
    • Early recognition and appropriate management, including surgical intervention, are crucial for patients with Graves' disease-associated febrile catatonia.