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Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
Behavior Therapy01:22

Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
Exposure therapy is a cornerstone of behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders. It involves systematic exposure to feared stimuli, either in real...
Anxiolytic Drugs: Overview01:26

Anxiolytic Drugs: Overview

Anxiolytic drugs are vital in managing anxiety disorders by effectively alleviating symptoms such as excessive fear, tachycardia, and tremors. There are several classes of anxiolytic medications, each with unique mechanisms of action and potential side effects.
Primary Types of Anxiolytic Drugs
1. Benzodiazepines:
Benzodiazepines bind to the GABA-A receptor in the brain, enhancing GABA's interaction. This action reduces neurotransmission, effectively blocking anxiety-associated limbic circuitry.
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Anxiolytic Drugs: Benzodiazepines and Buspirone01:29

Anxiolytic Drugs: Benzodiazepines and Buspirone

Benzodiazepines are a class of anxiolytic drugs known for their rapid efficacy and high therapeutic-to-lethal dose ratio, but with a potential risk of drug dependence. These drugs are lipophilic, allowing for rapid absorption after oral administration, eventually reaching the central nervous system (CNS). Once in the CNS, benzodiazepines bind to the allosteric site of the GABAA receptor. This binding enhances the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA. By doing so, they prevent...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...

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Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure
08:20

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Published on: January 18, 2021

New treatments for panic.

J Ballenger

    European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists
    |August 25, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Paroxetine is an effective treatment for panic disorder, showing significant reductions in panic attacks and fewer relapses compared to placebo. It is also better tolerated than clomipramine, offering an improved quality of life for patients.

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    Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
    11:18

    Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

    Published on: September 12, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Psychiatry
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Panic disorder is a disabling chronic condition.
    • Limited treatment options existed, with tricyclics and benzodiazepines having problematic side effects.
    • Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is now approved for panic disorder.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in treating panic disorder.
    • To compare paroxetine with placebo and clomipramine.
    • To assess relapse prevention with paroxetine.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical trials involving nearly 1,000 patients meeting DSM-IIIR criteria for panic disorder.
    • 12-week double-blind study comparing paroxetine to placebo with cognitive therapy.
    • 12-week placebo-controlled comparison of paroxetine and clomipramine, with a 9-month extension.
    • Relapse prevention study involving re-randomization to paroxetine or placebo.

    Main Results:

    • Paroxetine significantly reduced panic attack frequency compared to placebo.
    • Paroxetine demonstrated efficacy comparable to clomipramine but with better tolerability.
    • Long-term treatment maintained efficacy for both paroxetine and clomipramine.
    • Relapse rates were significantly lower in patients continuing paroxetine (5%) versus placebo (30%).
    • Paroxetine had lower withdrawal rates due to adverse events than placebo and clomipramine, both short- and long-term.

    Conclusions:

    • Paroxetine is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic disorder.
    • Its favorable tolerability profile and lack of dependence potential offer advantages for long-term management.
    • Paroxetine improves treatment compliance and patient quality of life.