Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Epistasis plays a limited role in driving entrenchment during neutral protein evolution.

Genome biology·2026
Same author

Empowering Inference of Epistasis on the Basis of Mutual Exclusivity, Co-Occurrence, Functional Antagonism and Synergy in ERK-Pathway Oncogenes.

International journal of cancer·2026
Same author

Accelerating discovery of cancer causes for prevention in the era of rising early-onset cancers.

Cell·2026
Same author

Cost-Effectiveness of Perioperative Durvalumab With Neoadjuvant Gemcitabine/Cisplatin in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treatment.

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN·2026
Same author

DMEM and EMEM as alternate growth media for pathogenic Leptospira.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases·2026
Same author

Competing subclones and fitness diversity shape tumor evolution across cancer types.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2026
Same journal

The host-microbiome dimension of ecological regime shifts.

Trends in ecology & evolution·2026
Same journal

The emerging field of wild animal welfare science.

Trends in ecology & evolution·2026
Same journal

Integrating nutritional mutualists into the evolution of defense.

Trends in ecology & evolution·2026
Same journal

Formation of three great Asian plateaus, climate change, and biodiversity: (Trends Ecol. Evol. 40, 970-982; 2025).

Trends in ecology & evolution·2026
Same journal

Digital twins as a tool for ecosystem research.

Trends in ecology & evolution·2026
Same journal

Constraint and convergence in the evolution of vertebrate sound production.

Trends in ecology & evolution·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness
06:21

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness

Published on: May 7, 2018

Evolving gene expression: from G to E to GxE.

Andrea Hodgins-Davis1, Jeffrey P Townsend

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. jeffrey.townsend@yale.edu

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|August 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the evolution of gene expression requires considering both genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors. Gene x environment (GxE) interactions are crucial for a complete picture of how gene expression evolves.

More Related Videos

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX
10:09

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX

Published on: June 27, 2017

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides
09:58

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides

Published on: November 29, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness
06:21

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness

Published on: May 7, 2018

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX
10:09

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX

Published on: June 27, 2017

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides
09:58

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides

Published on: November 29, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Gene expression evolution is complex, influenced by both genetic variation and environmental factors.
  • Studies often face challenges like lack of environmental control or limited genetic diversity.
  • Existing research suggests significant gene-environment interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on the evolution of gene expression.
  • To highlight the roles of genetics (G), environmental response (E), and their interactions (GxE).
  • To emphasize the importance of integrating G, E, and GxE in evolutionary models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on gene expression evolution.
  • Analysis of research considering genetic variation.
  • Examination of studies investigating environmental effects on gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Genetic variation and environmental factors are both critical for gene expression evolution.
  • Gene x environment (GxE) interactions are extensive and play a significant role.
  • Lack of environmental control and single-strain studies limit current understanding.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive model for the evolution of gene expression must incorporate genetics, environment, and their interactions.
  • Future research should focus on controlled studies that account for both G and E.
  • Understanding GxE interactions is key to deciphering the evolutionary dynamics of gene expression.