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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
In Vitro Drug Release Testing: Overview, Development and Validation01:10

In Vitro Drug Release Testing: Overview, Development and Validation

In vitro dissolution and drug release tests assess how quickly and how much of a drug is released from its dosage form into an aqueous medium under standardized laboratory conditions. These tests are essential tools in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance, offering insight into the drug's performance before clinical use.During formulation development, dissolution testing identifies incomplete or inconsistent drug release issues. It also supports decisions on selecting the optimal...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

In vitro microscale systems for systematic drug toxicity study.

Jong Hwan Sung1, Michael L Shuler

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. jhs45@cornell.edu

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering
|August 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells-on-a-chip technology offers a new way to test drug effects in vitro, mimicking pharmacokinetics (PK) to improve drug development. This approach promises to reduce animal testing and enhance clinical trial effectiveness.

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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
17:28

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Drug efficacy and safety are determined by pharmacokinetics (PK), the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
  • Current in vitro drug screening methods lack physiological relevance, leading to high costs and time investment in drug development.
  • Developing predictive in vitro models is crucial for efficient and ethical drug discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in in vitro systems for PK-based drug testing.
  • To highlight the role of microscale technologies, specifically 'cells-on-a-chip', in developing these systems.
  • To discuss the potential of 'cells-on-a-chip' to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research integrating microfabrication and cell culture for drug screening.
  • Focus on microfluidic devices and 'cells-on-a-chip' platforms.
  • Analysis of how these systems model PK processes.

Main Results:

  • 'Cells-on-a-chip' technology enables systematic, high-throughput drug screening.
  • Microscale systems offer physiologically relevant in vitro models for PK studies.
  • These advanced in vitro models show promise in predicting drug responses.

Conclusions:

  • 'Cells-on-a-chip' technology is a significant advancement for in vitro drug testing.
  • This technology can reduce reliance on animal models in preclinical studies.
  • The integration of 'cells-on-a-chip' can improve the efficiency and success rate of clinical trials.