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Related Concept Videos

Endocytosis01:16

Endocytosis

Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
Endocytosis always begins with the plasma membrane enclosing an incoming molecule to form a transport vesicle which, in some cases, can be coated with a protein called ‘clathrin.' Endocytosed material is either sorted through...
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). It is perhaps unsurprising, that many...
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells, including...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes
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A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

Published on: February 5, 2018

AtEHDs in endocytosis.

Maya Bar1, Sigi Benjamin, Mia Horowitz

  • 1Department of Plant Sciences; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel.

Plant Signaling & Behavior
|August 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study explored the role of two proteins, AtEHD1 and AtEHD2, in plant endocytosis. Endocytosis is how cells take in materials from the outside. The researchers found that AtEHD1 helps speed up this process, while AtEHD2 slows it down when present in high amounts. These findings mirror what is known about similar proteins in mammals. The study used techniques like gene knockdown and overexpression to observe how these proteins affect endocytosis in Arabidopsis plants. The results suggest that EHD proteins play a conserved role in regulating endocytosis across species. This work adds to the understanding of how plants manage internal trafficking and supports the idea that these proteins are evolutionarily important.

Keywords:
EH domainEHD1EHD2endocytosisendosomerecyclingAtEHD functionEndocytosis in plantsClathrin interactionsMammalian EHD homologs

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Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Endocytosis regulation
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

Endocytosis is a key process in eukaryotic cells, enabling internalization of extracellular materials. EH domain proteins are known to regulate this process in mammals. These proteins interact with clathrin components, which are central to endocytic events. Despite their structural similarities, mammalian EHDs function in distinct trafficking stages. EHD1 is linked to recycling via the endocytic recycling compartment. EHD2, when overexpressed, inhibits internalization. However, the role of EHD homologs in plants remained unclear. Prior studies lacked data on plant EHDs' involvement in endocytosis. This gap motivated research into plant-specific EHD functions. No prior work had resolved whether plant EHDs mirror mammalian roles. This study aimed to clarify the function of AtEHDs in plant endocytosis.

Purpose Of The Study:

This study aimed to determine the role of Arabidopsis EHD homologs in endocytosis. The researchers focused on AtEHD1 and AtEHD2, which are plant-specific proteins. They wanted to test if these proteins function similarly to mammalian EHDs. The motivation came from the lack of data on plant EHDs' involvement in endocytosis. The team hypothesized that AtEHDs regulate internalization and recycling. They sought to confirm if these proteins interact with clathrin components. The goal was to establish whether plant EHDs mirror mammalian functions. This would clarify the evolutionary conservation of EHD roles across species.

Main Methods:

The researchers used knockdown and overexpression techniques to study AtEHD1 and AtEHD2. They observed the effects of these manipulations on endocytosis in Arabidopsis. Internalization rates were measured using fluorescent markers. Clathrin interactions were analyzed to confirm EHD involvement. The team compared the effects of AtEHD1 and AtEHD2 separately. They used microscopy to track endocytic events in real time. Protein localization was assessed using immunostaining methods. The results were compared to known mammalian EHD functions to identify similarities.

Main Results:

Knockdown of AtEHD1 significantly delayed endocytosis in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of AtEHD2 inhibited internalization, mirroring mammalian findings. Both AtEHD1 and AtEHD2 localized to endocytic compartments. Fluorescent markers showed altered trafficking in modified plants. Clathrin interactions were confirmed for both AtEHD proteins. The effects were specific to endocytic processes, not general trafficking. The results suggest conserved functions between plant and mammalian EHDs. These findings support the hypothesis that EHDs regulate endocytosis across species.

Conclusions:

The authors concluded that AtEHD1 and AtEHD2 regulate plant endocytosis. Their findings suggest conserved functions between plant and mammalian EHDs. Knockdown of AtEHD1 delayed internalization, confirming its role in endocytosis. Overexpression of AtEHD2 inhibited internalization, similar to mammalian EHD2. The proteins localized to endocytic compartments, supporting their functional role. Clathrin interactions were observed, indicating a shared regulatory mechanism. The study did not propose new functions beyond those seen in mammals. These findings suggest that EHDs are evolutionarily conserved regulators of endocytosis.

AtEHD1 promotes endocytosis, while AtEHD2 inhibits it when overexpressed.

Knockdown and overexpression experiments were used to observe effects on internalization rates.

Clathrin components are central to endocytosis, and EHDs interact with them to regulate trafficking.

EHD1 regulates recycling via the ERC, a key site for membrane and protein recycling.

AtEHD1 delays internalization when knocked down, while AtEHD2 inhibits it when overexpressed.

The study suggests that EHD roles in endocytosis are conserved between plants and mammals.