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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Synthesis and Structure Determination of µ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities
Published on: October 2, 2018
The M-superfamily of conotoxins: a review
Reed B Jacob1, Owen M McDougal
1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1520, USA.
Abstract:
The focus of this review is the M-superfamily of Conus venom peptides. Disulfide rich peptides belonging to the M-superfamily have three loop regions and the cysteine arrangement: CC-C-C-CC, where the dashes represent loops one, two, and three, respectively. Characterization of M-superfamily peptides has demonstrated that diversity in cystine connectivity occurs between different branches of peptides even though the cysteine pattern remains consistent. This superfamily is subdivided into five branches, M-1 through M-5, based on the number of residues in the third loop region, between the fourth and fifth cysteine residues. M-superfamily peptides appear to be ubiquitous in Conus venom. They are largely unexplained in indigenous biological function, and they represent an active area of research within the scientific community.
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