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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
Hypodermis01:02

Hypodermis

The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...

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Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report
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Published on: May 30, 2025

Obesity - extending the hygiene hypothesis.

Erika Isolauri1, Marko Kalliomäki, Samuli Rautava

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Functional Foods Forum, and Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland. erika.isolauri@utu.fi

Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme
|August 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The hygiene hypothesis suggests reduced microbial exposure causes allergies. New research shows gut microbiota composition impacts immune health and obesity risk, offering new prevention and treatment strategies.

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Published on: November 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The hygiene hypothesis links reduced early-life microbial exposure to increased atopic diseases (eczema, asthma).
  • Environmental changes in industrialized nations (sanitation, diet, smaller families) contribute to this reduced exposure.
  • Recent advances necessitate extending the hygiene hypothesis beyond allergies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the extended hygiene hypothesis, incorporating gut microbiota, immune responses, and Western lifestyle diseases.
  • To investigate the role of gut microbiota composition in immune development and inflammatory conditions.
  • To examine the link between gut microbiota and obesity, exploring preventive and therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific advances in probiotics, immunology, and host-microbe interactions.
  • Analysis of experimental studies on gut microbiota and energy storage.
  • Examination of human studies on gut microbiota development and overweight.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbiota composition and its development are crucial for healthy immune responsiveness.
  • Immunomodulatory and suppressive immune responses complement the T helper 1/T helper 2 paradigm.
  • Deviations in gut microbiota composition are linked to obesity and excessive energy storage.
  • Aberrant gut microbiota development precedes overweight in humans.

Conclusions:

  • The hygiene hypothesis requires extension to include the gut microbiota's role in immune health.
  • Host-microbe interactions influence the risk of atopic and other inflammatory diseases, including obesity.
  • Understanding gut microbiota composition offers significant potential for weight management interventions.