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Related Concept Videos

Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
10:10

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

Published on: December 1, 2020

Precision atomic-beam studies of atom-field interactions.

P R Hemmer, B W Peuse, F Y Wu

    Optics Letters
    |August 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    We studied how lasers interact with sodium atoms. Including atomic recoil in calculations resolved discrepancies observed with strong laser fields, improving theoretical models.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic physics
    • Laser spectroscopy
    • Quantum optics

    Background:

    • Understanding light-matter interactions is crucial in atomic physics.
    • Laser spectroscopy provides high-resolution insights into atomic energy levels and dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the interaction of two monochromatic laser fields with a three-level cascade system in sodium atoms.
    • To analyze the influence of laser field strength and atomic recoil on spectral line shapes.

    Main Methods:

    • High-resolution spectroscopy using two lasers (pump and probe) on a sodium atomic beam.
    • Tuning the probe laser across the upper two levels while keeping the pump laser near resonance.
    • Comparing experimental data with theoretical models, both with and without atomic recoil effects.

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    Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation
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    Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

    Published on: October 30, 2012

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    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

    Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
    10:10

    Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

    Published on: December 1, 2020

    Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation
    09:53

    Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

    Published on: October 30, 2012

    Main Results:

    • Observed probe line shapes agreed with theory for weak laser fields, indicating the intermediate level's minimal linewidth contribution.
    • Discrepancies between experimental data and theory emerged with strong pump fields.
    • Including atomic recoil in the theoretical model resolved the observed disagreements.

    Conclusions:

    • Atomic recoil is a significant factor in high-intensity laser-atom interactions.
    • The study refines theoretical models for laser-driven atomic systems by incorporating recoil effects.
    • Provides a more accurate understanding of spectral line shapes in atomic spectroscopy.