Regulation of wing formation and adult development in an aphid host, Aphis fabae, by the parasitoid Aphidius colemani

Nymphs of presumptive winged gynoparae of Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were exposed to female parasitoids, Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) and stung once with the ovipositor. Wing development was inhibited and, when aphids were parasitised during the early stages, they did not reach the adult stage but mummies with rudimentary or no wingbuds are observed in the host's fourth-stadium. These and previous studies have suggested that wing development may be inhibited by factor(s) from the maternal parasitoid injected into the host at the time of oviposition. In an attempt to identify such factor(s), saline extracts of whole female parasitoids, abdomens, ovaries and venom glands were prepared. When a saline extract of venom glands was injected into late-second-stadium aphids, many develop to fourth-stadium nymphs with rudimentary wingbuds, indicating an effect on wing formation but also showed developmental arrest and often died when attempting to moult to the adult stage. It appears that host death may be related to physiological/biochemical interactions of parasitoid and host rather than just late stage parasitoid larvae ingesting the host's vital organs. Injections with extracts into later host stadia gave similar results with regard to development to the adult, although aphids injected in the late-fourth-stadium develop normally to the adult stage with no effect on wing formation. The results indicate that the earlier the injection before the final moult the greater the effect of the injected extract on preventing adult development. Extracts prepared from head+thorax do not affect aphid development and the results indicate that there is an active factor(s) - likely a protein - in the female parasitoid's venom that disrupts wing development and/or inhibits development to the adult stage. Surprisingly, injections of extracts from male parasitoids have similar effects but the location and function of such a factor(s) in males are unknown.