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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...

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On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Spatial structure of a focused X-ray beam diffracted from crystals.

A Kazimirov1, V G Kohn, A Snigirev

  • 1Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. ayk7@cornell.edu

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|August 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Beam focusing and diffraction from silicon crystals were studied. Diffraction broadens the beam due to extinction and can create a second peak in thin crystals, depending on crystal diffraction strength.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • X-ray optics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding beam behavior after focusing and diffraction is crucial for microbeam experiments.
  • Refractive lenses offer a controlled method for beam manipulation and comparison with theoretical models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the spatial structure of a focused beam after Bragg diffraction from silicon crystals.
  • To compare experimental results with theoretical predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a planar refractive lens to focus a beam.
  • Employed knife-edge scanning and a high-resolution CCD camera to analyze the beam at the focal plane.
  • Studied Bragg diffraction from perfect silicon crystals.

Main Results:

  • Diffraction caused beam broadening due to the extinction effect.
  • A second peak appeared in sufficiently thin crystals due to back-surface reflection.
  • The diffracted beam's spatial structure varied with strong (dynamic) versus weak (kinematic) diffraction.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental findings align with theoretical expectations for beam broadening and secondary peak formation.
  • The study elucidates the physical origins of diffracted intensity in microbeam diffraction experiments.
  • Results enhance the understanding of beam-matter interactions in crystalline materials.