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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
10:34

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Published on: September 3, 2011

Inositol pyrophosphates: structure, enzymology and function.

Christopher John Barker1, Christopher Illies, Gian Carlo Gaboardi

  • 1The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden chris.barker@ki.se

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|August 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inositol pyrophosphates, a new class of inositides, are involved in cell signaling and diverse cellular processes. These molecules and their regulating enzymes offer novel therapeutic and research targets in cell biology.

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Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
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Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC
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Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC

Published on: June 26, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
10:34

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Published on: September 3, 2011

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
09:22

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC
09:01

Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC

Published on: June 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The inositol backbone's stereochemistry enables diverse molecular motifs crucial for cell signaling.
  • Inositides, including the recently identified inositol pyrophosphates, play vital roles in cellular information transfer.
  • Inositol pyrophosphates represent a novel frontier in cell biology with unique targets and mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent insights into the structures of inositol pyrophosphates.
  • To examine the properties of enzymes regulating inositol pyrophosphate concentration.
  • To explore the novel modes of action and cellular roles of inositol pyrophosphates.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of structural data for inositol pyrophosphates.
  • Analysis of enzymatic properties regulating inositol pyrophosphate levels.
  • Investigation of protein-protein interactions involving regulatory enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Inositol pyrophosphates exhibit unique structures and are regulated by specific enzymes.
  • These enzymes possess catalytic activity and also mediate protein-protein interactions.
  • A proposed mechanism involves pyrophosphorylation of specific protein subsets.

Conclusions:

  • Inositol pyrophosphates and their regulating enzymes are critical in diverse cellular functions.
  • These functions include vesicle trafficking, endo/exocytosis, apoptosis, and telomere regulation.
  • Inositol pyrophosphates represent a significant area for future research in cell biology and disease.