Tacrolimus differentially regulates the proliferation of conventional and regulatory CD4(+) T cells

Tacrolimus is a widely used T cell targeted immunosuppressive drug, known as a calcineurin inhibitor. However, the exact pharmacological effects of tacrolimus on CD4(+) T cells have yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the effects of tacrolimus on CD4(+) T cell subsets. Mouse or human CD4(+) T cells were cultured with immobilized anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies in the presence of tacrolimus. The cell division of CD4(+) T cells was analyzed using a flow cytometer according to the expression of Foxp3. The gene expression patterns of tacrolimus-exposed T cells were examined by quantitative PCR. In the case of conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconv cells), tacrolimus inhibited T cell receptor stimulation-induced cell division. In contrast, the cell division of regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Treg cells) was even promoted in the presence of tacrolimus, especially in humans. Tacrolimus did not promote conversion of Tconv to Treg cells in mice. Furthermore, tacrolimus modified the expression levels of Foxp3-regulated T cell receptor signal related-genes, PTPN22 and Itk, in human Treg cells. Immunosuppressive effect of tacrolimus may be attributed to the relatively enhanced proliferation of Treg cells in association with altered gene expression levels of TCR signaling molecules.