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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
07:38

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: June 14, 2020

MBL expression in patients with recurrent tonsillitis.

Domenico Leonardo Grasso1, Ludovica Segat, Elisabetta Zocconi

  • 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
|September 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) protein levels and MBL2 gene expression correlate with recurrent tonsillitis. MBL protein is localized in the tonsil basal lamina, suggesting a role in the innate immune response to infection.

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Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils
08:09

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Published on: November 16, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
07:38

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: June 14, 2020

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils
08:09

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Published on: November 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Recurrent tonsillitis involves complex immune responses.
  • Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a key component of the innate immune system.
  • MBL plays a role in pathogen recognition and complement activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate MBL protein production, MBL2 gene expression, and genotypes in patients with recurrent tonsillitis.
  • To determine the histological localization of MBL protein within tonsil tissue.
  • To elucidate the role of MBL in the innate immune response to tonsillar infections and inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of MBL2 exon 1 and promoter polymorphisms using PCR and sequencing.
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of MBL protein localization in tonsil sections.
  • Serum MBL quantification using ELISA and MBL2 gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR.

Main Results:

  • A strong correlation was observed between MBL2 genotypes and serum MBL levels (HP, LP, DP groups).
  • MBL protein was localized to the basal lamina in high-producing MBL subjects, but undetectable in low/deficient producers.
  • MBL2 gene expression was detected at low levels across all producer groups.

Conclusions:

  • The genotype-phenotype correlation for MBL2 and serum MBL production is confirmed.
  • MBL protein exhibits specific in situ localization within the tonsil basal lamina.
  • MBL is implicated in the innate immune response within tonsils during recurrent infections and inflammation.