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Related Concept Videos

MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

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Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells
07:59

Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

Published on: October 4, 2013

Gene regulation by MAP kinase cascades.

Berthe Katrine Fiil1, Klaus Petersen, Morten Petersen

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|September 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades regulate cellular responses by controlling transcription factors. Recent studies identify direct MAPK targets, revealing how these signaling networks control gene expression in plants.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are crucial signaling pathways.
  • MAPK pathways regulate cellular responses by influencing transcription factors in various organisms.
  • In plants, MAPK cascades are involved in development and stress responses, but downstream targets remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify direct transcriptional targets of plant MAPK cascades.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which MAPK signaling networks regulate gene expression in plants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on plant MAPK signaling.
  • Analysis of identified direct MAPK transcriptional targets.
  • Investigation of gene expression regulation by MAPK pathways.

Main Results:

  • Several direct transcriptional targets of plant MAPK cascades have been identified.
  • These targets provide insights into the specific genes regulated by MAPK signaling.
  • Understanding these targets clarifies how MAPK pathways control cellular processes.

Conclusions:

  • Direct MAPK transcriptional targets are key to understanding plant signaling.
  • MAPK cascades play a significant role in regulating gene expression for development and stress.
  • Further research into these targets will enhance our knowledge of plant molecular biology.