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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
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Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes

Published on: August 20, 2007

Extracellular redox modulation by regulatory T cells.

Zhonghua Yan1, Sanjay K Garg, Jonathan Kipnis

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Nature Chemical Biology
|September 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Dendritic cells secrete glutathione, which is converted to cysteine, promoting T-cell activation by lowering redox potential. Regulatory T cells suppress this pathway, revealing a novel immunosuppression mechanism.

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
08:20

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • T-cell activation is crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • Redox balance plays a significant role in cellular processes.
  • Dendritic cells and regulatory T cells are key immune regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the redox remodeling mechanisms during mouse T-cell activation.
  • To identify the role of glutathione and cysteine in T-cell signaling.
  • To understand how regulatory T cells modulate T-cell activation via redox pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated redox changes during T-cell activation in mice.
  • Analyzed the role of glutathione secretion and cysteine cleavage by dendritic cells.
  • Examined the impact of extracellular cysteine on redox potential and protein status.
  • Studied the inhibitory effect of regulatory T cells on this redox pathway.

Main Results:

  • Glutathione secretion by dendritic cells and its conversion to cysteine are key to T-cell activation.
  • Accumulation of extracellular cysteine lowers redox potential, favoring T-cell proliferation.
  • This redox remodeling alters the redox status of exofacial protein domains.
  • Regulatory T cells suppress effector T-cell activation by inhibiting this redox signaling.

Conclusions:

  • A novel redox-based signaling pathway regulates T-cell activation and proliferation.
  • Extracellular cysteine accumulation is a critical mediator of T-cell activation.
  • Regulatory T cells employ this redox pathway for immunosuppression of effector T cells.