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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials
10:36

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Published on: January 21, 2016

Ferromagnetism in semihydrogenated graphene sheet.

J Zhou1, Q Wang, Q Sun

  • 1Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

Nano Letters
|September 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Semihydrogenated graphene, or graphone, exhibits ferromagnetic semiconductor properties due to localized electrons. This hydrogenation process offers a novel method for tuning material characteristics for diverse applications.

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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials
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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
11:42

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene, a single layer of graphite, transitions from metallic to semiconducting upon full hydrogenation, forming graphane.
  • Understanding the electronic and magnetic properties of modified graphene structures is crucial for advanced material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of semihydrogenated graphene (graphone).
  • To explore the effects of partial hydrogenation on graphene's bonding and electronic structure.
  • To determine the potential for graphone as a ferromagnetic semiconductor.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • Analysis of electronic band structure and magnetic coupling.
  • Estimation of the Curie temperature for magnetic ordering.

Main Results:

  • Graphone exhibits a ferromagnetic semiconductor state with a small indirect band gap.
  • Half-hydrogenation localizes electrons in unhydrogenated carbon atoms, creating unpaired spins.
  • Ferromagnetic coupling of magnetic moments leads to an estimated Curie temperature between 278 and 417 K.
  • This contrasts with magnetism in finite graphene nanostructures requiring specific edge configurations.

Conclusions:

  • Semihydrogenation of graphene to graphone induces a transition to a ferromagnetic semiconductor.
  • The localized unpaired electrons on carbon atoms are responsible for the observed magnetism.
  • Hydrogenation presents a versatile strategy for tuning graphene's electronic and magnetic properties for potential applications.