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Related Concept Videos

Hypodermis01:02

Hypodermis

The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...

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Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator
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Early programming of adipose tissue function: a large-animal perspective.

Alison Mostyn1, Michael E Symonds

  • 1Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Academic Child Health, Division of Human Development and Nottingham Respiratory Medicine Biomedical Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospitals, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. alison.mostyn@nottingham.ac.uk

The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
|September 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Early life nutrition and environmental factors can program adipose tissue development, influencing long-term obesity and metabolic disease risk. This review explores mechanisms and models in large mammals.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disease
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Adipose tissue functions as a dynamic endocrine organ.
  • Early-life events can lead to long-term changes in adipose tissue structure and function.
  • Obesity rates suggest a genetic component, with early programming potentially playing a key role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental models, mechanisms, and regulators of early adipose tissue programming.
  • To explore the link between early-life environments and later metabolic health.
  • To summarize findings from large mammalian species.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on animal models (rodent and large-mammal).
  • Analysis of studies investigating in utero and postnatal nutritional challenges.
  • Examination of molecular and cellular signaling pathways involved in adipose tissue development.

Main Results:

  • In utero and postnatal challenges (e.g., nutrient availability, placental insufficiency) can program adipose tissue.
  • Hormones (leptin, glucocorticoids), enzymes (PPARs), and adipokines are implicated in altered adipose tissue development.
  • Long-term structural and physiological consequences of these changes require further description.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life programming of adipose tissue is influenced by environmental factors and involves various molecular regulators.
  • Large mammalian models offer mechanistic insights into epidemiological findings on obesity and metabolic disease.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term consequences of early adipose tissue programming.