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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of the Knee in Aged Dunkin-Hartley Guinea Pigs after Intra Articular Injection
07:10

Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of the Knee in Aged Dunkin-Hartley Guinea Pigs after Intra Articular Injection

Published on: August 2, 2024

Musculoskeletal injection.

Christopher M Wittich1, Robert D Ficalora, Thomas G Mason

  • 1Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings
|September 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary care physicians often lack training in musculoskeletal conditions. This review covers common knee, hip, and shoulder joint problems and injection techniques to improve physician proficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Musculoskeletal Medicine
  • Primary Care Practice

Background:

  • Musculoskeletal symptoms are a common patient complaint in primary care.
  • Internal medicine physicians require enhanced knowledge and training in diagnosing and managing musculoskeletal diseases.
  • Gaps in postgraduate training often leave clinicians unprepared for these common conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common musculoskeletal problems encountered in primary care, specifically focusing on the knees, trochanteric bursae, and glenohumeral joints.
  • To discuss the clinical presentations of these frequently observed musculoskeletal issues.
  • To provide guidance on musculoskeletal injections, including medications, indications, techniques, and evidence.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical presentations for common musculoskeletal conditions.
  • Discussion of pharmacological principles and evidence supporting musculoskeletal injections.
  • Outline of injection techniques for the knee, trochanteric bursa, and glenohumeral joint.

Main Results:

  • The most frequent musculoskeletal issues in a primary care injection practice are knee, trochanteric bursa, and glenohumeral joint problems.
  • Detailed review of clinical presentations for these specific joints.
  • Comprehensive overview of medications, indications, and techniques for musculoskeletal injections.

Conclusions:

  • Primary care physicians can achieve proficiency in musculoskeletal injections with adequate knowledge and experience.
  • This article aims to build confidence and competence in managing common musculoskeletal conditions through injection therapy.
  • Improved training and resources can enhance the primary care management of joint and bursal diseases.